![]() Window replaced the Old English eagþyrl, which literally means 'eye-hole', and eagduru 'eye-door'. Window is first recorded in the early 13th century, and originally referred to an unglazed hole in a roof. The Danish (but not the Bokmål) word is pronounced fairly similarly to window. In Swedish, the word vindöga remains as a term for a hole through the roof of a hut, and in the Danish language vindue and Norwegian Bokmål vindu, the direct link to eye is lost, just as for window. In Norwegian, Nynorsk, and Icelandic, the Old Norse form has survived to this day (in Icelandic only as a less used word for a type of small open "window", not strictly a synonym for gluggi, the Icelandic word for 'window' ). The English language-word window originates from the Old Norse vindauga, from vindr 'wind' and auga 'eye'. Modern-style floor-to-ceiling windows became possible only after the industrial plate glass making processes were fully perfected. In the 19th century American west, greased paper windows came to be used by itinerant groups. In England, glass became common in the windows of ordinary homes only in the early 17th century whereas windows made up of panes of flattened animal horn were used as early as the 14th century. Paper windows were economical and widely used in ancient China, Korea, and Japan. Presentations of windows can be seen in ancient Egyptian wall art and sculptures from Assyria. The Romans were the first known to use glass for windows, a technology likely first produced in Roman Egypt, in Alexandria c. Types include the eyebrow window, fixed windows, hexagonal windows, single-hung, and double-hung sash windows, horizontal sliding sash windows, casement windows, awning windows, hopper windows, tilt, and slide windows (often door-sized), tilt and turn windows, transom windows, sidelight windows, jalousie or louvered windows, clerestory windows, lancet windows, skylights, roof windows, roof lanterns, bay windows, oriel windows, thermal, or Diocletian, windows, picture windows, Rose windows, emergency exit windows, stained glass windows, French windows, panel windows, double/triple-paned windows, and witch windows. Of these criteria, windows that are designed to provide views of nature are considered to be the most important by people. Among the myriad criteria for the design of windows, several pivotal criteria have emerged in daylight standards: location, time, weather, nature, and people. The provision of this connection serves as an integral safeguard for the health and well-being of those inhabiting buildings, lest they experience the detrimental effects of enclosed buildings devoid of windows. Windows are primarily designed to facilitate a vital connection with the outdoors, offering those within the confines of the building visual access to the everchanging events occurring outside. In addition to this, many modern day windows may have a window screen or mesh, often made of aluminum or fibreglass, to keep bugs out when the window is opened. Windows may have a latch or similar mechanism to lock the window shut or to hold it open by various amounts. Many glazed windows may be opened, to allow ventilation, or closed, to exclude inclement weather. ![]() Modern windows are usually glazed or covered in some other transparent or translucent material, a sash set in a frame in the opening the sash and frame are also referred to as a window. A window is an opening in a wall, door, roof, or vehicle that allows the exchange of light and may also allow the passage of sound and sometimes air.
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![]() Correction: Content-Aware Fill allows you to seamlessly remove boom mics, people, and signs from live-action footage.Play with layers and compose by importing files from Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Premiere Pro, or other Adobe apps. Transitions are also important, and that's why you can create dynamic ones with animations, shapes, and colors, use masks and smoothly change your whole scene. Of course, you can finely tune your keyframes and animation paths or adjust anchor positions. Motion graphics: You can animate all kinds of backgrounds, logos, images, titles, or objects to create dazzling motion graphics.You can control everything, such as which elements to move and how they move (jump, float, slide, etc.), change the opacity, the color, control the speed, make them rotate, follow a pre-defined path, and more. Through text animations, you can make your words alive, add motion (to 2D and 3D texts), and carry more with less. Text animations: Nothing's more impacting than eye-catching animations. ![]() What are the key features of Adobe After Effects? As part of the Adobe suite, it works great with all the other Adobe solutions, like Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop, or Adobe Premiere Pro. It is one of the most famous and used solutions in its category, as it allows you to add all kinds of animations, and effects, add objects to your footage, perform corrections, image stabilization, and lots more. and tailored to be used in all kinds of post-production processes, like in filmmaking, video games, or television production. Adobe After Effects is a digital visual effects, motion graphics, and compositing application developed by Adobe Inc. ![]() However, you need a separate license for each device (Things 3 Mac, Things iOS, and Things iPad) you want to use it on. Instead, you can buy it once and own it for a lifetime. Things 3 is a straightforward app that doesn't have a free option. Things 3 free vs paid: what’s the difference? But, if you purchased Things 2 before March 1, 2017, you won't qualify for a free upgrade. You must contact the support team with your proof of purchase (preferably the original receipt). If you purchased Things 2 between March 1 and May 17, 2017, you're eligible for a free upgrade to Things 3. If you're a student, you might want to check if your institution is part of Apple's Education Program, which could potentially offer discounts.įor businesses, there's the Apple Volume Purchase Program that's worth exploring.Ī notable exception to this is the upgrade policy. Things 3 operates on a single, up-front payment model and, unfortunately, Apple's App Store policies don't allow for promo codes or discount vouchers for apps sold this way. ![]() ![]() Are there any Things 3 coupon codes or promo discount vouchers? Unfortunately, the platform doesn't offer discounts for nonprofits as it operates on an up-front, one-time purchase model through the Apple App Store. How much does Things 3 cost for nonprofits? It's a round-up of 14 top free and paid options to give you a better picture of Things 3's place in the productivity app scene.įirst of all, how much does Things 3 cost? Let’s first review Things app prices: It takes the best elements from its predecessors and adds a whole new layer of sophistication, making it an even more formidable tool and one of, if not the best GTD app you can find online.Ĭurious about how Things 3 measures up to other popular apps? Don't miss our post about the best digital to do list apps. However, beneath its clean, minimalistic surface lies a powerhouse of functionality. Its simplicity and efficiency make it an outstanding choice for those seeking a reliable task manager.Īt first glance, Things 3 looks deceptively simple. Things 3 review 2023: Is the Things app any good?īased on our Things 3 review, we confidently say: yes, the Things app is one of the best GTD apps for personal use! It’s an intuitive tool that integrates your tasks and schedules effortlessly. ![]() MarsEdit is a comprehensive software application that allows you to write, preview, and publish your blog with great ease. To purchase additional or new copies of BBEdit, please visit our online store or contact our Sales Department or any authorized reseller. Download MarsEdit 5 for Mac full version program setup free. More information is available in our FAQ for Mac App Store customers. This does not alter your subscription period. Mac App Store customers please note: if you have an active BBEdit subscription, you will immediately have access to all of BBEdit 14’s advanced features.This update is free for MarsEdit 4 users who purchased a license on or after June 1, 2022. From the developer: MarsEdit is a blog editor for OS X that makes editing your blog like writing email, with spell-checking, drafts, multiple windows, and even AppleScript support. December 7th, 2022 I’m excited to share that MarsEdit 5.0, a major upgrade to our beloved Mac blogging application, is now available on the MarsEdit site and has been submitted for review on the Mac App Store. If you have a paid license for BBEdit 13.5.7 or any older commercial version of BBEdit, you can purchase an upgrade. The file size of the latest downloadable setup file is 6.6 MB.You’ll get a fresh 30-day evaluation period so that you can try out all the new features, and then BBEdit will return to Free Mode. If you have been using BBEdit in Free Mode, simply download and install the new version.How do I upgrade to BBEdit 14 from an older version? Download it directly from us and dive in! Registration code to upgrade: Note: If you purchased MarsEdit 4 from the Mac App Store, download MarsEdit 5 for the Mac App Store and upgrade with an in-app purchase.Mac App Store licenses cannot be used to purchase upgrades on this store. iBank delivers a new standard for intuitive, full-featured personal finance software.Take the full feature tour, or see a detailed list of changes. Read all about it… Where can I learn more? These features include (but aren’t limited to): grep pattern matching search and replace across multiple files project definition tools function navigation and syntax coloring for numerous source code languages code folding FTP and SFTP open and save Git and Subversion integration AppleScript macOS Unix scripting support text and code completion and of course a complete set of robust HTML markup tools. Integrate Smoothly Into Existing WorkflowsĪn intelligent interface provides easy access to BBEdit’s best-of-class features.Command Files, Folders, Disks, and Servers. ![]() When it ends, you can still use BBEdit - with no nag screens or unsolicited interruptions, for free, forever.Īfter the evaluation period, you may re-enable all of BBEdit’s exclusive features at any time by purchasing a license or by subscribing in the Mac App Store. During that period, all of BBEdit’s features are available. This award-winning product has been crafted to serve the needs of writers, Web authors and software developers, and provides an abundance of features for editing, searching, and manipulation of prose, source code, and textual data.īBEdit offers a 30-day evaluation period. BBEdit is the leading professional HTML and text editor for macOS. ![]() There are others too, but they are mostly shareware, X-Chat is free. Instead of having to go to different service web sites you get the whole functionality in this meta-application, Watson, gathering the info you need, all in one place.Ī good IRC client. My colleague David uses Proteus and says that most of the serious glitches have been addressed in the latest releases but in my experience I get 4 times the same AIM messages when my chatters don’t use the original AIM client. Proteus has the same capabilities but it is full of bugs in my experience. I am always using 5 IM protocols at the same time so iChat doesn’t do the job for me. ![]() I am not too much, but there are times that it is very handy. Surely you would also need the BitTorrent client if you are a lot into Torrent downloads. My personal favorite is Transmit, but FTPeel and CaptainFTP are also good choices. While command line FTP works fine it is faster dealing with a graphical client. Uploading the work mentioned above would require an FTP client. I do some web development for OSNews from time to time and so I need to test out the results with all the browsers, and so these browsers are a must have for me: Mozilla, Camino, Opera, iCab, OmniWeb, Firebird. Everytime though, I hurry to VersionTracker to download these following apps that I can’t live without. However, I tend to try out stuff a lot for reviews and other reasons and so I re-install Mac OS X quite regularly on my test Macs (three installations throughout November). Since we bought that dual PowerMac G4 last month, Mac OS X has been used a lot more than before in our home. ![]() ![]() The Sigma Art series performs well, but displays aberration greater than 10 microns at this focal length at around the 70% mark from the center of the image. The Canon is the most highly-corrected and the Tamron isn’t far behind. The graph above shows the chromatic aberration values at the three models’ widest focal lengths and widest apertures. Software can usually remove chromatic aberration when processing RAW files, but its effect on sharpness can be difficult to correct. The Tamron, surprisingly, is better-corrected than the Canon in this respect, especially at 50mm, where - unusually for the Canon, it has its highest levels and is at its weakest optically. At f/11, the Sigma begins to exhibit some diffraction and scores below 70% acutance.Īs we discussed in the Nikon mount review of this lens, Sigma has dramatically reduced chromatic aberration in the Art series model over its predecessor, restricting the higher levels (above 10 microns as a rule) to the 24–28mm focal lengths, where it’s typically most difficult to correct.Īlthough levels are relatively low, both the Canon and Tamron have better control at the 24mm and 70mm focal lengths. ![]() Closing the apertures down increases sharpness to f/5.6-8. The Sigma performs best in the middle of the range and isn’t too far behind the Canon at 50mm, even in the outer third of the image field, but overall, it’s outshone by both. The acutance profile below shows the sharpness profile of the three lenses at their longest focal length and at f/2.8. Sharpness levels aren’t far behind the Tamron or the Canon across the frame, but it falls away still in the corners.Īstigmatism is also an issue at 70mm, where sharpness levels have fallen well below the Canon and even a little behind the Tamron. When comparing this lens’s results to those of its predecessor, we can see that Sigma has improved sharpness in the outer third of the frame, particularly when wide-open at f/2.8 across the focal range, but it’s not quite so convincing when comparing this model against rivals. We detected astigmatism (where the horizontal and vertical acutance lines aren’t always close) at 24mm in the central two-thirds of the image. You can see the results for the Nikon mount version of this lens compared to the original Sigma 24-70mm IF EX DG HSM lens and the stabilized Nikon AF-S Nikkor 24-70mm f/2.8E ED VR here. ![]() We tested all three lenses on the full-frame 50MP Canon EOS 5DS R to make the results directly comparable. In this section, we’re going to compare the Sigma lens with the Tamron SP 24-70mm f/2.8 Di VC USD lens and the Canon EF 24-70mm f/2.8 L USM II. This is a little unexpected, given what we’ve come to expect from the Art series. However, its overall score of 30 puts it slightly behind the similarly-priced Tamron SP 24-70mm f/2.8 Di VC USD from 2012 and the Tokina AT-X 24-70 F2.8 PRO FX from 2014. Unsurprisingly, then, the Sigma isn’t a match for the highly-rated Canon EF 24-70mm f/2.8 L USM II, which is significantly sharper and has superior transmission and similarly low levels of chromatic aberration. The Sigma 24-70mm f/2.8 DG OS HSM A is very close in performance to its principal rivals. Image quality compared to its competitors It achieved the best results in the middle of the zoom range between the 35 and 50mm focal lengths. Although it has better edge sharpness wide-open, levels are restricted at 24mm on account of some astigmatism, and it’s noticeable again at 70mm, where sharpness falls off anyway. Our results show that it has much lower lateral chromatic aberration however, the sharpness of Art series lens is slightly lower than the previous model overall. With an overall score of 30 on a 50MP Canon EOS 5DS R body, the Sigma 24-70mm f/2.8 DG OS HSM A improves slightly upon its predecessor, the non-stabilized Sigma 24-70mm f/2.8 IF EX DG HSM. Available in Canon EF, Nikon F(FX), and Sigma (SA) mounts.The company also claims that they have also adopted high-grade, large-diameter aspherical lens elements to reduce aberrations while at the same time paying close attention to the shape of the bokeh.Īt 107.6 x 88 mm (4.2 x 3.49 in) and 1.02 kg (36 oz), however, this Art series version is quite a bit bigger and heavier than the EX model it replaces, which measures 95 x 89 mm (3.73 x 3.5 in) and weighs 0.79 kg (27.87 oz). The lens thus has 19 elements arranged in 14 groups, with 3 low-dispersion elements to reduce chromatic aberration. Sigma says it also updated the optical construction to meet the uncompromising demands of modern, high- pixel-count sensors. Sigma introduced the Art version (A) of its 24-70mm f/2.8 lens in February 2017, bringing with it the familiar if somewhat subdued cosmetic design of the company’s Art series models, along with optical image stabilization so as to keep up with its rivals. ![]() Compatibility Architecture: Apple M1, Apple-Intel Architecture.Setup Type: Offline Installer / Full Standalone Setup DMG Package.Mac Software Full Name: Sensei for macOS.Customization Options: Customizable settings and optimization preferences.System Resource Management: Efficient utilization of system resources.Disk Usage Analysis: Detailed analysis of disk usage patterns.Data Protection: Safeguarding data through disk health monitoring.Scheduled Maintenance: Automated maintenance tasks on a schedule.App Uninstaller: Complete and clean application uninstallation. ![]() Duplicate Finder: Identification and removal of duplicate files for storage optimization.Detailed Metrics: Access to detailed performance metrics in real-time.Storage Insights: Insights into storage usage and optimization recommendations.Temperature Alerts: Notifications for system temperature anomalies.User-friendly Interface: Intuitive and accessible user interface.Disk Cleaner: Identification and removal of large and unnecessary files.Drive Benchmarking: Performance evaluation of storage drives, including SSDs and HDDs.Disk Health Assessment: Assessment of the health of storage devices.Fan Speed Control: Regulation of fan speed to prevent overheating.Temperature Control: Monitoring and management of system temperature.Real-time Monitoring: Continuous monitoring of CPU, GPU, RAM, and disk activity.Application Management: Uninstallation of unwanted applications and associated files.Storage Cleaning: Removal of junk files and unnecessary data to free up space.System Optimization: Comprehensive system optimization for enhanced performance.Sensei can assess the condition of your Mac’s storage devices, providing insights into potential issues and allowing for proactive maintenance. The software’s disk health monitoring feature is particularly valuable for safeguarding your data. ![]() Users can keep an eye on their Mac’s temperature and fan speed, helping prevent overheating and maintain optimal performance. This information empowers users to identify and address potential performance bottlenecks.įor those concerned about temperature and fan control, Sensei includes tools to monitor and manage these aspects. Users can access real-time data on their Mac’s performance, including CPU and GPU usage, RAM utilization, and disk activity. Sensei goes beyond basic optimization by providing in-depth system monitoring. Sensei identifies and removes junk files, cache data, and unwanted applications, freeing up valuable storage space and improving system responsiveness. It offers a suite of tools for cleaning, speeding up, and organizing your Mac’s storage, thereby enhancing overall system performance. One of the key features of Sensei is its ability to perform thorough system optimization. Tailored specifically for macOS, Sensei combines a user-friendly interface with advanced functionality to address various aspects of Mac maintenance and enhancement. Sensei is an innovative and feature-rich Mac software designed to provide users with a comprehensive set of tools and utilities for optimizing, monitoring, and enhancing the performance of their Mac computers. Sensei is a practical and easy-to-use application developed for monitoring system performance, uninstalling apps, analyzing battery and disk health, monitoring CPU/GPU/RAM statistics, optimizing boot startup speeds, and much more. Download Sensei for Mac full version program setup free. ![]() Now we have another chance to get the three points and work on our situation in the league. The players are fine, they've recovered a bit, last week was tough with three games. That's our job and we've shown many times that we can do it. When we have these games where we don't score and it's 0-0, we have to quickly forget that disappointment and focus on the next game. That's part of it, but it's also our job to keep looking forward. However, I saw that our players are doing everything they can to work for the goals and get the three points. I think we played a good game, it was possible to win, but we weren't able to score the decisive goal to get the three points. Of course we were disappointed after the last game, with the draw. Our task is, as always, to play a good game from the first minute, show our good form and, of course, win the three points, because that's always important to us. We have to expect a team with nothing to lose at our stadium and who will play to surprise us. It's a team that has confidence, they started very well in the Primeira Liga and showed that on the pitch. They've scored a lot of goals, almost as many as us, that says it all. They have a lot of quality, a different style of play to last week, but also a team that has made games very difficult for their opponents. They were promoted to the Primeira Liga, they deserved it and this season they've also shown that it wasn't a coincidence. "They're in a similar situation to Moreirense. It's going to be extremely difficult, but I think we have the ability, not least because of what we've been doing in the league, to not only unnerve Benfica, but also to often impose our playing philosophy, our mentality and our criteria, which I think has given us very good results and in every game we've worked hard and fought for the three points." There are no opponents who are invincible, who are mentally superior to my players and when that's the case, we'll certainly be able to counter Benfica's power. We have to be prepared to counter that power, that way of thinking and show what we can, which I think is within our reach. What we have to do is be prepared to counter their mood, which is to look at Farense with all their ambition, try to secure the three points, and go into the game very strong. ![]() ![]() Benfica, the players and those in charge will certainly be aware that they have to do everything they can to beat Farense. We know that the title this season is probably more important than it was in the previous ones, because there are questions of entry into the Champions League and I understand that the clubs fighting for this major goal are going to have to be very focused, very dynamic and work very hard to get the points they want. ![]() In other words, they want to get back to winning ways with the aim of reaching first place again. In fact, the Benfica players themselves have been talking about the importance of the game with Farense. No, I expect more difficulties, clubs like Benfica, who are fighting for the national title, when they lose the lead, what they think about is the next game and that's with Farense. We're aiming to get points and in order to do that we have to be very focused, committed and tactically disciplined, because we know that Benfica have very strong players, not just one-on-one, they have players who create a lot of imbalances and our preparation and knowledge will be a very big basis for whether we succeed or not. We're prepared for a difficult game and to try to play positively. I think that if we're at the level I think we've been at, particularly in recent games, we'll make our opponents' task more complex and more difficult. We know we're going to have a lot of difficulties at many points in the game, but we also have to be prepared for them. Benfica are a team made up of excellent performers and a title contender. What we're aiming for is a good result against Benfica, but we're also aware of the great difficulties we're going to encounter. Also the colours that you see on your screen may not be the same when printing, so try to use the best printer and paper to achieve the best result possible."It's obvious that what drives us are victories. **PLEASE NOTE: This listing is for a DIGITAL DOWNLOAD. TIP: Print in 240gsm matt ultra paper (non-reflective so it looks amazing behind a glass frame) What a wonderfull goal.įor all corinthians fans around the world, this one is iconic!ĭOWNLOAD your purchase instantly and PRINT at your nearest printer! Digital Downloads save you delivery time and shipping costs.Īfter your purchase, you will receive 4 JPG high-resolution 300dpi in these sizes: All artwork produced is made with care to be the ideal gift for the football fan.Ĭreated by Diogo Roger Guedes goal against Atletico Mineiro in 2023 Copa do Brasil. They lose WiFi 6E, though WiFi 6, which was all new just a year ago, is standard. At the same time, the new Katana / Sword models are their plastic-clad sisters with roughly the same specifications otherwise.At this entry-level, these gaming laptops are topped out at Core i7 and RTX 3060. There are also the Crosshair and Sword models that are essentially the same laptops in different colors.While previously the GL75 / GL65 was the Leopard in plastic, the new Pulse / Crosshair models have metal chasses but are less generously-spec'd. ![]() GL models are now confusingly called Pulse and GF, Katana. Not 100% sure but from what I seen only difference is the color they come in and a few other key differences. I think they are basically the same just different style. If you will be gaming, what are the most demanding games you will play and at what settings? Text here Mux Switch/ Optimus/ Advanced Optimus?: Text here Please use this format for your submissions: Reviews-Helpful information gaming laptops which help users to be more considerate when buying a gaming laptop Please message us if this happens so we can manually approve your post.įilter by tag: Request - Looking for a laptop? Tech Support - Need computer help? Solved - Found computer help? Discussion - Want to talk? Meta - Subreddit questions? Recommendation - Found a good laptop?īattlestations-Show set up of the gaming area of users If your post or comment contains a link to Amazon it might be caught in the spam filter, which is not something moderators have control over. Please ask permission before posting a survey. Rule#6: Survey links will not be allowed unless they are directly related to gaming laptops. Rule#5: FALSE REPORTING ANYONE OR POSTS WILL RESULT IN A BAN Rule#4: SUBMISSION GUIDELINES MUST BE FOLLOWED OR THE POST WILL BE REMOVED Rule#3: THIS SUBREDDIT IS ABOUT GAMING LAPTOPS NOT ANYTHING ELSE! Rule#2: No Spamming Anyone For Any Reason! Please make sure you read everything before posting! Also the rules are explained in dept on the wiki so read that too! In the Windows Features window, find and unselect Virtual Machine Platform.Result of the above survey will be posted publicly on our subreddit upon its conclusion, so fill it out to help current and future users! Select Turn Windows features on or off from the list of results.ģ. ![]() Select Start, enter ‘Windows features’ in the search boxĢ. Turning off Virtual Machine Platform (VMP)ġ. On the Core isolation page, turn off the toggle for Memory Integrity. Select Core Isolation from the list of results to open the Windows security app.ģ. Select Start, enter ‘Core Isolation’ in the taskbarĢ. *Some specific game performance issues might be caused by the GPU performance debugging feature, Microsoft suggested users not attempt to manually upgrade using the Update now button or the Media Creation Tool until this issue has been resolved, and the safeguard removed.ġ. ![]() If the system is already upgraded to Windows 11 22H2, follow the steps below to turn off the Memory Integrity and VMP manually to optimize on game performance is suggested. Microsoft enhances the system security protection and starts the native support for virtualization in Windows 11 22H2 which includes Hypervisor-protected code integrity (HVCI), also called Memory Integrity, the Virtual Machine Platform (VMP), and Windows Subsystem.Įnabling these features might cause potential tradeoffs between maximum gaming performance under specific scenarios and these security setups. ![]() ![]() 37,38 Very recent research reports have proposed the effectual model of VMT and MMT clay for LBL-based fire-retardant coatings. 37 Such structural exfoliation phenomena of materials such as VMT which inhibit thermal transfer and molecular migration when exposed to heat, allows these materials to demonstrate significant flame retardant properties and be classified as self-intumescent materials. ![]() In particular, the material releases water molecules from within its structure, molecules located within interlayer sheets. ![]() 13,14 According to this method, nano-architecting of thin films can be carried out on a substrate by the process of dipping or spraying the subjected material alternatively into suspensions/solutions of polymers or particles-based polyelectrolyte dilute aqueous solutions/mixtures (200 ☌), its chemical structure undergoes exfoliation. LBL methodology in general has been developed and studied extensively by multiple research groups in the past two decades. Comparatively, the LBL method, although having newly entered into the fire-retardant field, offered excellent figures of merit. These methods offered successful results, however the major objective towards the commercialization was hindered by a few major flaws such as the use of synthetic materials, cost issues, operational complexities, and a shift in the mechanical properties of the cotton substrate. 2 However, the chemistry of cotton as it comes to us from nature is largely unchangeable extrinsic strategies therefore are applied to cope with these issues, e.g., surface grafting techniques, 3 ultraviolet curing of polymers, 4 flame retardant finishing treatments, 5 sol–gel methods of thin-film deposition, 6 plasma treatments, 7 and layer-by-layer (LBL) coating techniques. 1 The fire vulnerability of these products could cause serious fire accidents and fatalities in industrial buildings and domestic residences. However, its current use and future boosted applications are threatened by its limited chemistry which is in favor of lower flammability ratings such as limiting oxygen index (LOI) ∼19.0, and lower combustion temperature (360–425 ☌). Cotton fabric is known to people of all civilizations, and being used in enormous quantities due to no other better alternatives, due to its abundance and relationship to humans and environmentally friendly aspects. One of the most fire vulnerable, albeit domestic and increasingly being considered in the high tech, is cotton fabric. Use of bio-molecules in fire retardants is a persistent and immediate demand to cope with the fire vulnerability of products together with the fire hazards of the existing synthetic materials. The results were further confirmed from the increase in the limiting oxygen index (LOI) to a higher rate of ∼23.2, improved structural integrity and higher quality of char obtained in the VFT and after-burn analysis. Moreover, a significant decrease in the absolute heat loss (THR ∼ 30%), heat dissipation competence (HRC ∼ 27.86%), and peak heat output (PHRR ∼ 23%) was achieved for a TBAB loading of ∼0.7 g. The peak range of the degradation was highly improved from the lower range to the higher range (329.92–394.48 ☌), together with significant mass residue for TBAB-0.7–17.02%. The subject samples were further analyzed through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), microcombustion experiments (MCC), flame testing (VFT) and afterburn measurements. The morphologies and localized compositional analysis of the modified starch-based LBL coatings on the cotton surface were carried out using LV-SEM and EDX: highly uniform coating layers and uptake of solution species for intermediate implant reagent concentrations were confirmed. Implementation of a new cationizing reagent and its incorporation onto the backbone of starch was performed successfully, confirmed from the remarkable micro- and macro anti-flammable properties. |
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